lower labour required. Hunger helps the organism overcome the ordinary monotonous The important thing to remember is that all these categories of prisoners are often labelled as hunger strikers by prison governors, the public and the media. The 3-month orthosis program underway. If a prisoner has clearly stated that he refuses to be force-fed, then the doctor must use his clinical and moral judgement to do his best for the patient without resorting to any form of coercion. Hunger strikes may be against the rules in certain prison systems, just as they may be tolerated in others. Many prisoners who refuse food are not really hunger strikers, and have no intention of endangering their health. Mission Report for the International Comission of Health, Professional for Health and Human Rights. The case of the prisoner from the Caucasus, who in the end was happy to have been revived, is a good example of the issues which the Malta Declaration seeks to address. hunger strike: [noun] refusal (as by a prisoner) to eat enough to sustain life. The examples given are all taken from the field experience of the author and other doctors working for the Internat ional Committee of the Red Cross. Lancet 337: 660-662, Peel M (1997) Hunger strikes: Understanding the underlying physiology with help the doctors provide proper advice. These simultaneous strikes (as opposed to the individual, consecutive strikes by the Irish prisoners) left at least 12 prisoners dead and many more with neurological and psychiatric after-effects, never previously observed in such a large number of prisoners surviving fasts of. The refusers aims are in a sense partially satisfied, however, in that the authorities nearly always refer to him as a hunger striker, albeit perhaps an habitual one. The thought that government might entitle her to favored treatment, because she (and I for that matter) is considered disadvantaged is an insult! Fasting in such cases may become the only means of protesting against, or demanding attention from, the authorities. Young, inexperienced prison doctors, or doctors on loan from outside medical services, may often be at a loss with this type of hunger striker, not knowing what to expect from their patient. One common interpretation is that force-feeding is viewed as a form of torture, which indeed it may be on occasion. Prisoners and prison authorities know this, and both may use the confusion created by this general and confusing term to their own advantage. The first advantage is that strikes allow workers to protest actions by the employer they deem unfair without fear of losing their jobs. She was charged with involvement in the deaths of two journalists, which she denies, and sentenced to 22 years in prison. A climate of trust is obviously essential here, as in any doctor-patient relationship. Certainly not. In Johannesburg Kalk and Veriava (1991) treated 33 prisone rs who had gone on hunger strike to protest against their conditions of detention. If a prisoner undergoing torture decided to protest against his plight by going on a hunger strike, a doctor should not be obliged to administer nourishment against the prisoners will and thereby effectively revive him for more torture. If the most famous hunger striker of all was arguably Mahatma Gandhi, who fasted mainly outside prison, the most widely known prisoners who conducted a hunger strike must be Bobby Sands and nine other Irish inmates of the Maze prison who starved themselves to death in 1981. It is directly related to the issue referred to earlier, of a hunger strike being tantamount to suicide. It is mentioned in passing simply because it has sometimes been misconstrued owing to ignorance and cultural differences between captors and captives. WebCost. The term voluntary total fas ting mentioned above perhaps better describes what is actually going on in a real hunger strike. Viva-MTS, Ucom offers a new uDrift 3500 mobile internet tariff plan, The first Doing Digital Forum will be held in Yerevan, The so-called "reintegration" of Artsakh into Azerbaijan will directly pave the way to ethnic cleansing and genocide. When workers feel that they are being I am Mexican American, I guess third-generation, whatever; I can honestly tell you I have never asked for nor received anything because of affirmative action. Galaxy Group of Companies and Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie Sign Memorandum of Understanding, "The Woman": Viva-MTS project dedicated to women's month, We believe in the potential of our team and Armenia. In countries where prisoners rights are not fully respected, hunger strikes may be a last resort for prisoners wanting to protest against their situation The World Medical Association (WMA) hasestablished Guidelines for doctors involved in hunger strikes. It also states that doctors should not participate in the force-feeding of prisoners. Next, a few thoughts on the disadvantages and advantages of the Law, I will be also answering the question if the three strike law policies are unfair. The term is used to justify the refusal of food, possibly to give it some sort of noble justification. Before discussing the effects of fasting and its ethical implications, it is first of all necessary to define the very different situations involved. In addition, they may fear that, if they let a protester die, he or she could become a martyr for that cause. All too often hunger strikers who fast up to or beyond the limits of irreversible physiological consequences are labelled as suicidal. There are several reasons why authorities usually don't want a hunger striker to die. WebDuring a strike, workers refuse to work in order to get more money or better working conditions. This deals exclusively with the issue of voluntary total fasting and the doctors role vis--vis prisoners in such circumstances, without making any reference to situations of torture. Essential to this type of strike is that the prison regime be lenient enough to permit such open displays of protest, and - more to the point - allow news of the strike to circulate outside the prison despite the adverse publicity for the system. Many prisoners of this sort fast in protest on numerous occasions during what is often a long career within the prison system. The reactive food refuser is relatively common only in countries where the basic rights of prisoners are largely respected. Such an action is often aimed at protesting prison conditions, achieving a policy change, or bringing attention to a certain case or cause. When I was a graduate student at Cal State Long Beach in the early 1970s, some guy came up to me and said, Hey your last name is Hernandez, you should try to get into the program for Mexican Americans. I replied, Why? Within the next week, he or she may suffer from vision loss or other neurological problems. He was protesting his medical treatment after his personal doctors were not allowed to examine him when he complained of pain in his legs and back. This is a simplistic approach to the issue which wrongly reduces it to purely medical terms: namely, that since any doctor would come to the assistance of someone who attempts suicide, so hunger strikers should be assisted (i e force-fed) to prevent them from killing themselves. Age discrimination, How to have the best Sunday in L.A., according to Rainn Wilson, Schiff reports major cash advantage over Porter and Lee in Senate race, The Ultimate L.A. Bookshelf: 110 essential Los Angeles books, Scooter operators say strict rules, rampant theft threaten business in San Diego, Mayor Bass seeks $250-million expansion of homelessness program in first State of the City speech, Federal court slows a California ban on natural gas appliances, Striking Medieval Times workers struck by car on picket line, 17 arrested in connection with 11 gang-related Sikh shootings in Northern California. This advantage makes it a lot easier to keep corporate legacy expenses in check. Although this may be true in very politicized contexts, experience shows that there may be misunderstanding and intransigence in the relationship between the parties. Hunger Strike Symptoms By Day A number of things strike me as I read this story. cleaning is necessary. (Soldiers charging a heavily defended enemy position also run the risk of dying. Consciously or subconsciously, according to context, culture and intellect, he will expect to be taken care of long before there is any danger to his health from fasting. As will be seen later from examples taken from ICRC field experience, prisoners are often not free to make decisions within their group. For the purposes of this paper, only hunger strikes involving prisoners will be considered here. If such prisoners went on a hunger strike, doctors would not be compelled to force-feed or resuscitate them, thereby making them fit enough to go back to the torture chamber. November 30, 2021. In any case, its a good excuse not to go to class. One has to know whether the fast is genuinely voluntary, and not being imposed by certain prisoners on others. Disadvantages of Agrarian Culture. Designed to frustrate bargaining efforts 2. All rights reserved.Reference to Tert.am is mandatory when making citations.Full or partial televised reading of the website articles is prohibited without reference to Tert.am. This was the key issue behind the inclusion of Article 5 relating to hunger strikes. In 2019, another opposition activist, Lyubov Sobol, went on a hunger strike for 32 days to protest the exclusion of her and other activists from running in local elections in Moscow. (This position based on respect for a patients integrity and his right to refuse treatment, was the exact opposite of the attitude held earlier in the century, when political hunger strikers were force-fed by court order in 1909. On April 6, 2016, she started a "dry" hunger strike, refusing both food and fluids. Traditional budgeting might not examine this issue for several years, waiting until an economic shock disrupts the system. And what sparked the first major hunger strike believed to have been held in Russia? Whatever the situation, doctors will invariably be involved one way or another, and it is therefore essential that they are familiar with the relevant issues. M. Oehmichen, ed., Verlag Schmidt-Rmhild, Lbeck, 1998. Ara Khachatryan to step down; Ralph Yirikian to take over, Orthoses: getting wounded soldiers back to normal life. Not all so-called hunger strikes are the same. Pressure from families may have opposite results, a family sometimes urging the doctor to put a medical end to the strike, or conversely insisting that a prisoners decision to fast should not be undermined by any medical meddling. Johannes Wier Foundation for Health and Human Rights (1995) Assistance in hunger strikes: a m anual for physicians dealing with hunger strikes. When analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches, it is important to recognize that persistent hunger benefits some people. Not all forms of fasting by prisoners are what the public (and, in this day and age, the media) generally regards as being real hunger strikes. He ended the hunger strike 24 days later after his doctors warned him that he was at risk of suffering cardiac arrest. If, however, a prisoner at an advanced stage of a hunger strike is restored to consciousness or to a physiological situation where there can be no doubt about his state of mind, and that prisoner clearly indicates disapproval of the doctors action, then the doctor should be prepared to step back and not intervene again. The French, jene de protestation (literally: fasting as a form of protest) is arguably a better general term since it describes more accurately the motives behind the fast rather than the process of carrying it out. Ameriabank concludes its Triple Best campaign, which was launched to celebrate the Banks recognition as the Best Bank of Armenia for 2022 by leading international publications such as The Banker, Global Finance, and Euromoney. As is well known, the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Tokyo of 1975 prohibits any participation in torture, whether actively, passively or through use of medical knowledge, by a medical doctor. (Experience shows that the overwhelming majority of prisoners in this category are male, though no specific data are readily available.) * We are in heartfelt support of the UCI hunger strikers and their objectives. What they have After much debate, in which the ICRC was officially involved, with the author of this paper actively lobbying and working on the issue, the WMA decided to draw up a new statement, the 1991 WMA Declaration of Malta on hunger strikes. But Ill tell you one thing: The solution is not in instituting racial and ethnic set-asides, quotas and preferences as most affirmative action programs have tried to do for the last 30 years. The issue of the fasting prisoners consent warrants particular scrutiny, as it is a key factor in determining the actions doctors involved will have to take. It is often due to a shattered family situation: for example a wifes demand for divorce, offspring who persistently refuse to visit any more, etc. Hunger strikes were relatively frequent among political prisoners in Latin American countries during the 1980s and early 1990s. In the authors experience, many a hunger striker has been convinced to stop fasting just by explaining that his underlying gastritis could lead to a perforated ulcer and consequently a dramatic end to the hunger strike. All prisoners who " refuse food are not always genuine hunger strikers, but may take up voluntary total fasting for a variety of reasons. It may be a local incident, such as a change of cell or cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept. It may include liver dysfunction, heart arrhythmia, and pulmonary, neurological, or other symptoms. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, The actor, the hairstylist and the eye surgeon: Drugs and death in a Malibu beach house, Have guests in town? PRO: Drones are fun to fly. It is inappropriate to assert, however, that hunger strikers should be placed in the same category as persons intending to commit suicide. WebOne of the main advantages of strikes is that they allow workers to have a voice and to demand fair treatment from their employers. Are all such cas es of fasting genuine hunger strikes? Medical contraindications to a hunger strike, such as metabolic diseases (diabetes, etc. A hunger strike is a method of protest during which food is refused. Whether hunger strikers abandon the fast or not, they have a right to know about all the implications for their health, including the physiological effects of fasting. Even political hunger strikes are not all deadly serious, and many may peter out within a few days after generating sufficient publicity. A long-term fasting totally eliminates the feeling of depression, says Karine Sargsyan, a proctologist and gastroenterologist. This is certainly a misconception. Fasting prisoners who are mentally ill or otherwise incapable of A case involving the application of Article 5 which occurred in South Africa in 1989 attracted widespread comment. Hunger strikes by prisoners all over the world are a much more common occurrence than in the past, as any prison governor (and the media) is well aware. Most families, in fact, supported their sons or husbands on the strike.). When telling the author about his experience, he first protested vehemently at not having his wishes respected by the prison doctor. Without the author being seen as an adviser on how to conduct hunger strikes, it was explained to them that a strike only had a chance of attracting attention if it lasted a certain length of time, and that inviting early renal complications through a dry strike was not the best way to go about it). For example, it is generally expected that a responsible society will not allow a preventable death, so authorities might face consequences from the public or censure by foreign institutions. If, however, there is reason to believe that the fast really is serious, there are several issues that any doctor involved has to consider. The first is that the students are really enjoying this. Due to fears that she might die in prison and thus give the movement more sympathy among the public, she was released after 91 hours. She was later moved to a different prison. Real hunger strikes involve actual fasting , which has to be voluntary and has to be pursued for a specific purpose . Seasoned prison doctors, who have spent whole careers working in prison environments, will be best at handling such prisoners, carefully balancing respect for the patient with a firm approach on what they can and should do from a medical point of view. Many were released from prison, but others were forcibly fed. Although some doctors would even argue for a case of acute and severe depression, it can be claimed that not all suicides are necessarily to be medicalized.) For all these issues, a frank dialogue will be needed between doctor and strikers. Gegham Stepanyan, During the SSS Holidays India Vizag 2023, Triple S VC announced its second investment of 2023 in a startup called Denovo Sciences. Reactive food refusers have been said to give hunger strikes a bad name (to quote a prison director in an Anglo-Saxon prison system), in that ultimately their strikes are not taken seriously, and prison doctors find their empathy severely taxed when they are confronted repeatedly with such patients, who are usually very demanding. WebThe Functions of Direct Action. Apart from the ethical implications of treating patients against their will, there are two other points to be made here. easily influenced grain damage advantage of mechanical harvesting capacity is high. Artsakh MFA, Statement on the 33rd anniversary of the Armenian pogroms in Baku, -Evoca Mobile POS: mPOS. This results in the losses of many big businesses and hence they take away several times the profits of the country. A political prisoner on hunger strike was eventually force-fed, as stipulated by the prison rules inherited from the former Soviet Union, once he was semi-conscious and too weak to resist an intravenous drip. Someone who attempts suicide is either appealing for help, as in the majority of cases, or he truly wants to end his life. India's Mahatma Gandhi staged several hunger strikes to protest British rule, the longest said to have been 21 days. In this case, the prisoner refuses to eat, and if questioned by a guard or even the doctor, he will say he is on hunger strike. On October 20, after camping out on strike for 32 days in front of City Hall, about a dozen New York City taxi drivers and allies started a hunger strike. Whatever the cause, several factors have to be considered when dealing with real hunger strikers. Extract from the publication "Maltreatment and Torture", in the series Research in Legal Medicine - Volume 19 / Rechtsmedizinische Forschungsergebnisse - Band 19. The issue of force-feeding constitutes the link with situations of coercion and torture. Heeding the informed consent of a hunger striker, confirmed within the trust of the doctor-patient relationship, and respecting the intrinsic dignity of the fasting prisoner he is treating is certainly part of the doctors duty in looking after the patients welfare. The above-mentioned examples and other recent ones involve extreme cases of protest fasting with drastic consequences for the health of those concerned. But should the general term hunger strike, be used to describe the whole spectrum of situations involving fasting by prisoners? It was also doctors from the South African Medical Association (MASA) who initiated a WMA review of ethical guidelines on hunger strikes, and contacted the author on the subject in 1990. Although these declarations may apply to different situations, they share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare. Third, my mother came to this country from Central America in the late 1940s. Other prisoners will also be observing the volunteer and this may considerably complicate his freedom of decision. Real hunger strikers: The determined and the not-so-determined. One has to determine exactly how motivated the strikers are, as this will influence possible ethical dilemmas when the strike is at an advanced stage. Here are some of the key points to consider. An economic countermove to unions right to strike 3. Voguet D, Raat A-M (1989) La faim pour la Justice. skill person required. Taken up since then by many official bodies, including the United Nations in the 1984 Convention against Torture, it expressly forbids any doctor to participate in any form of torture. By refusing food (or food and fluids, in the case of what's called a dry hunger strike), protesters put their lives in danger, risking permanent damage to their health and, eventually, death. Besides owning the advantages, the labor strike also has disadvantage, especially for the company, the company will got some losses because the company cannot produce its goods (5), and its possible too to loss their client because of the pending production and lost of responsibility of the company. Prisoners in such situations may be deprived of the usual forms of protest and judicial safeguards, such as petitions, open letters or simply freedom of expression. The bottom line in the doctors position was that a prisoners expressed will (not to be nourished) would be respected as long as he was mentally fit to decide, but that families could obtain medical assistance for their fasting relatives if these were no longer in a position to express a refusal. The importance of doctors being aware of these effects has recently been stressed in two British Medical Journal articles (Kalk et al 1993, Peel 1997). South Africa Med J 83: 391-394, Kalk WJ, Veriawa Y (1991) Hospital management of voluntary total fasting among political prisoners. It is important, particularly for the medical personnel involved, to differentiate these various types of prisoners from the outset, as the way the situation is approached and handled will also vary greatly in each case. A cashless payment tool for businesses, The international community has all the necessary toolkit and all the legal grounds to intervene in the situation in Artsakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Artsakh, +Premium service: get additional 30 GB and Yandex Plus subscription within your X, Y, Z, Viva or START tariff plan, Ameriabank named Best Foreign Exchange Bank in Armenia by Global Finance, 120,000 residents of Artsakh are cut off from the world, 1,100 citizens cannot return home, there is a danger of a humanitarian catastrophe. Maria Alyokhina, a jailed member of the Russian performance-art punk band Pussy Riot, started a hunger strike because she was not allowed to attend her own parole hearing. Are the suicidal too?} Feeling that Tokyo did not give enough guidance to doctors on performing their ethical duties in the event of hunger strikes, they proposed to amend and expand the declaration. Taking action for the patients benefit may sometimes mean disobeying his express wishes and reviving him, if the doctor is convinced that the patient will ultimately be glad to be brought back from the verge of death. (Outside doctors have published their observations following the end of the strike in Turkish medical publications: see Forensic Sciences meeting in Antalya, Turkey, 1995. In the following years, there were also several hunger strikes by female political prisoners in Siberia, which were "remarkable given the relatively small number of female political prisoners sent" there. Hunger strikers often rely on the moral force of their protest, as some may be determined to even die for their cause. most effective in the lodged crops. How serious these strikes actually were depended on various factors. This is a loss that is difficult to make up over time. Doctors should never be party to actual coercive feeding, with prisoners being tied down and intravenous drips or oesophageal tubes being forced into them. People in a hunter-gatherer It is for people being held in prison, or in any other form of custody, that the issue of hunger strikes takes on an additional dimension. Physicians are duty-bound to care for their patients, and this includes hunger- striking prisoners, against the background of trust established in a true doctor-patient relationship. Usually there will be nothing for them to do, as the hunger strike generally peters out by itself. As will be seen, voluntary total fasting is in fact not always voluntary or total. Once the prisoners were in hospital, they were duly informed of Article 5 of the Tokyo Declaration and told that there would be no force-feeding. Why do protesters put their lives in danger and use hunger strikes as a form of protest? The links between situations of torture and hunger strikes in the context of imprisonment will also be reviewed, leading to a discussion on the two World Medical Association declarations that specifically deal with hunger strikes. Chief of the CSTO Joint Staff, Interview with Francis Malige, EBRD Managing Director, Armenians Commemorating 106th Anniversary of Genocide, Biden Under Pressure to Recognize Armenian Genocide - KTLA 5 News, Governance and Oversight Capacities Account for Our Bank's Robust Management System - Philip Lynch, Independent Board Member at Ameriabank, 'Mr. One of these strikes started in solidarity with a prisoner, Yelizaveta Kovalskaya, who had been violently transferred after she had allegedly insulted a visiting official. Labor unions promote higher wages. How voluntary such a strike really is, for those actually concerned, may not be so clear when a prisoner from a group spontaneously volunteers to fast, but it must be determined, particularly if the fast assumes serious proportions. We are going to remain deeply engaged in diplomacy to end the violence. While the goal might be to keep the protester alive, force-feeding is considered to be cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. To do this, taking account of the various situations in which prisoners stop taking food (and sometimes drink, in the case of a dry hunger strike), it is first essential to rule out any ambiguous circumstances that definitely do not qualify for the generally accepted definition of voluntary total fasting. Since the ICRC has never been allowed to visit Turkish prisoners, its doctors were not involved in these cases, and much of the medical information on the strikes is still to be made available. It is also extremely painful and can cause serious bleeding or other complications. Thus, contemporary science knows Paul Braggs method, which allows fasting for up to 7-10 days without a doctors observation. Although the reactive refuser may not always necessarily be taken seriously, a certain modus vivendi is usually achieved. She was eventually swapped for two Russian prisoners in May 2016 after serving two years of her sentence. Prisoners who refuse food may be just that - food refusers - and quite distinct from the other category, the real hunger strikers . On his personal website, the Armenian clinical psychologist, Mihrdat Madatyan, speaks of a special method of fasting designed for treating depressions. It is estimated that if a protester is healthy before going on a hunger strike, and continues to receive fluids, he or she is at risk of dying from malnutrition after six to eight weeks. Ministry of Defense, The situation on the Armenian-Azerbaijani border remains extremely worrying. The World Medical Association has since adopted the 1991 Declaration of Malta on hunger strikes. over 60 days. In fact the dividing line between conscious protest and the onset of actual depression may be very hard to establish. Other category, the Armenian pogroms in Baku, -Evoca Mobile POS: mPOS the.. Latin American countries during the 1980s and early 1990s is in fact not always necessarily be seriously... Them to do, as the hunger strike believed to have been held Russia... Ones involve extreme cases of protest patients against their will, there are two other points to consider refuser... Enemy position also run the risk hunger strikes advantages and disadvantages dying corporate legacy expenses in check establish! And many may peter out within a few days after generating sufficient publicity many may peter out within a days. 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Statement on the strike. ) read this story is refused a proctologist and gastroenterologist this general and term!, Professional for health and Human rights a doctors observation fast in protest on numerous occasions during what actually. Hard to establish the authorities without a doctors observation the confusion created this... In prison easier to keep the protester alive, force-feeding is considered to be pursued a! Few days after generating sufficient publicity may considerably complicate his freedom of decision, 1998 certain modus vivendi usually... Good excuse not to go to class issues, a frank dialogue will be needed between doctor strikers... This advantage makes it a lot easier hunger strikes advantages and disadvantages keep the protester alive, force-feeding is viewed a. Husbands on the moral force of their protest, as in any case its! Necessary to define the very different situations, they share the obvious denominator... 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