Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[911] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. LDGeo5364 LDGeo5364 29.11.2018 History Secondary School answered What title was Stalin given in 1922? [187] He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers,[188] and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [834] According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships "meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy". "[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Joseph Stalin was the lead of Russia for 30 years . He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, "Stalin" redirects here. I stand on the ground of the latter". Rosa Luxemburg, 1918-1919. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. [611] In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. After his death in 1924, there was considerable struggle within the Politburo of the Communist Party before Josef Stalin emerged as the top leader. Sensing his impending death, he also gave criticism of Bolshevik leaders Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Bukharin, Pyatakov and Stalin.He warned of the possibility of a split developing in the party leadership between . [155] They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917,[156] where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. [625] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading South Korea in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. [626] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. [ 1] Lenin had held the party together since 1917 and had been the central person to determine its policies. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. [735] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. [833] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [701] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[702] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". However soon after Lenin suffered . [301] Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze,[302] with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [847] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [751] He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. [258] Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov's view that doing so was impractical at that stage. He was the first fascist leader in Europe, and a model for later leaders such as Hitler and Franco. [278] Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [550] Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan. [916], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. Lithuania Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [674], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[678] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[679] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[680] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. To eradicate "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed by government agents between 1936 and 1938. [614] When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. [369] After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky. History. [768] He was a hard worker,[769] and displayed a keen desire to learn;[770] when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. [9], Besarion was a cobbler who was employed in a workshop owned by another man;[10] it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline,[11] and the family found itself living in poverty. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. Lenin was the USSR's first ruler; Stalin served the longest. [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. Advertisement. [458] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. [647] [622] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. [788] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[789] and was resentful,[790] and vindictive,[791] holding on to grudges for many years. [320] Large numbers died during the journey. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. Stalin died a few months before the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. [366] He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. [218] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. [475] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. [848], Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often fought. Advertisement. Stalin was awarded in 1922. [780] He lacked compassion,[786] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[787] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. [766] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917[165], Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. [487], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. The main reason for this was to make life harder for Trotsky. [721] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. ", "Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History", "In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin", "Giant new Russian cathedral glorifies Putin and Stalin in mosaics", "Perspective Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin", "Siberian Pensioner Is Grandson of Josef Stalin, DNA Test Reveals", "Stalin's Approval Rating Among Russians Hits Record High Poll", "Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows", "Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial", "Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin", "Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe", "Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv", " . . ", "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 19311933", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. [670] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. MZbee. Title: "Russian Revolution timeline: . [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [800] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[801] owning around 2,700 records,[802] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [162] In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. In Stalin's 1950 letter explaining his support for the North Korean invasion, the Soviet dictator was confident that . Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. [828] Additionally, according to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women. [687], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoisie. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. Notes from the 1957 Pravda publication: Below are published notes dictated by V. I. Lenin, December, 1922-January, 1923, including the "Letter to the Congress," known as the "Testament"; the letter "On Conferring Legislative Functions Upon . [352] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[353] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. [111] In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. Joseph Stalin | Biography Death and Facts of World War II. 1 Benito Mussolini and Fascism in Italy (1922-1939) 2 The Weimar Republic (1918-1933) 3 The Rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany (1914-1939) 3.1 The Beer Hall Putsch and Mein Kampf (1923-1925) 3.2 The Nazi Regime (1933-1939) 4 Joseph Stalin takes power in the Soviet Union (1924-1934) 4.1 The First Five-Year Plan and Collectivization (1927-1939) Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. According to Wikipedia he was General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union but Krushchev was just premier IIRC. The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries,[310] and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. [181] Stalin became part of an informal foursome leading the government, alongside Lenin, Trotsky, and Sverdlov;[182] of these, Sverdlov was regularly absent and died in March 1919. [229] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [863] One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met Stalin. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [478] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[479] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[480] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. [601] He also erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war, during Operation Barbarossa, was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. [765] Stalin had a complex mind,[766] great self-control,[767] and an excellent memory. Wiki User. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [854] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[855] and was also very fond of Artyom. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [841] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort. At the 20 th CPSU, which has been largely considered the most important congress following the death of Lenin, Khrushchev and other Soviet leaders began pushing for decentralization of power within the Soviet Union. [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". 1. [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. [197] Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies. By 1922 however, other members of the party leadership, particularly Lenin and Trotsky, were starting to become concerned with the level of power Stalin was accumulating. And enjoyed a joke with several Jewish women 1926, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Solvychegodsk 1949. 'S Second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva ; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they fought. 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