She then joined the BLA, a loosely knit offshoot of the Black Panthers, which engaged in an armed struggle against the US government through tactics such as robbing banks and killing police officers and drug dealers.[4]. [11][23] Assata is a West African name, derived from the Arabic name Aisha, said to mean "she who struggles", while Shakur means "thankful one" in Arabic. - The Washington Post", "Black Liberation Army: Understanding - Monitoring - Controlling", "Joanne Chesimard First Woman Named to Most Wanted Terrorists List", "Wanted by the FBI Fugitive Joanne Deborah Chesimard", "FBI makes Joanne Chesimard the first woman to appear on most-wanted list", "Woman Shot in Struggle With Her Alleged Victim", "Death of cop Richard Rainey could have been due to 1981 shooting, could mean life in jail for shooter Abdul Majid", Jury in Chesimard Murder Trial Listens to State Police Radio Tapes, Chesimard Jury Asks Clarification of Assault Charges, Mrs. Chesimard, on Stand, Denies Having Weapon in Turnpike Shooting, Joanne Chesimard Is Acquitted In Robbery of a Bank in Queens, Doctor Testifies On Bullet Scars in Chesimard Trial, "Assata Shakur: from civil rights activist to FBI's most-wanted", Chesimard Murder Trial Opens in New Brunswick, "Raymond A. (December 21, 1973). She was born in 1947 in New York City, JoAnne Deborah Byron. But first, we want to find out more about a woman named Joanne Deborah Chesimard, aka Assata Shakur. Assata Olugbala Shakur (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947; [a]) is an American political activist who was a member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA). [219] In the letter, Waters explained her opposition, calling COINTELPRO "illegal, clandestine political persecution". [179] Hinds argues that "in the history of New Jersey, no woman pretrial detainee or prisoner has ever been treated as she was, continuously confined in a men's prison, under twenty-four-hour surveillance of her most intimate functions, without intellectual sustenance, adequate medical attention, and exercise, and without the company of other women for all the years she was in custody". [105] New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice. Shakur was charged with two bank robberies, the kidnapping of a Brooklyn heroin dealer, the attempted murder of two Queens police officers stemming from a January 23, 1973, failed ambush, and eight other felonies related to the Turnpike shootout. [59][130][131] An en banc panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed. [62], Following the 13-minute opening statement by Edward J. Barone, the first assistant Middlesex County prosecutor (directing the case for the state), William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff) moved immediately for a mistrial, calling the eight-count grand jury indictment "adversary proceeding solely and exclusively under the control of the prosecutor", whom Kunstler accused of "improper prejudicial remarks"; Judge Theodore Appleby, noting the frequent defense interruptions that had characterized the previous days' jury selection, denied the motion. [48], On April 16, 1981, Shakur was allegedly in the back seat of a van connected with a burglary. [193] In New York, three days after her escape, more than 5,000 demonstrators organized by the National Black Human Rights Coalition carried signs with the same slogan. 1973) (per curiam). "Militant Autobiography: The Case of Assata Shakur," in. "Gunfight Suspect Caught in Jersey". [195] In July 1980, FBI director William H. Webster said that the search for Shakur had been frustrated by residents' refusal to cooperate, and a New York Times editorial opined that the department's commitment to "enforce the law with vigorbut also with sensitivity for civil rights and civil liberties" had been "clouded" by an "apparently crude sweep" through a Harlem building in search of Shakur. Browse, borrow, and enjoy titles from the Minuteman Library Network digital collection. Assata Shakur expresses her concerns about how her fellow people have been treated in America. Assata Olugbala Shakur is a political activist, author, fugitive and aunt of hip-hop artist, Tupac Shakur. [42] Robert Daley, Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police, for example, described Shakur as "the final wanted fugitive, the soul of the gang, the mother hen who kept them together, kept them moving, kept them shooting". Sundiata Acoli, 85, the oldest former member of the Black Panthers still to be incarcerated for acts of violence during the 1970s Black liberation struggle, is finally to be released from. What happens to Assata Shakur now? (blackhistorymonth.org.uk) A Troubled Childhood Assata Shakur was born JoAnne Deborah Byron in Queens in 1947. [63] The prosecution argued that Assata had fired the bullets that had wounded Harper, while the defense argued that the now deceased Zayd had fired them. [63] At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a semi-automatic pistol and ammunition magazine, and said "Jim, look what I found",[63] while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle. Assata Shakur is Tupac Shakur's godmother Assata Shakur was the de facto leader of the Black Liberation Army in the early 1970s. Due to the possibility of miscarriage, the prosecution successfully requested a mistrial for Shakur; Acoli's trial continued. [138][139] Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern. Prial, Frank J. Montgomery, Paul L. (February 20, 1972), "3D Suspect Linked To Police Slayings". In it she calls herself a revolutionary seeking freedom for "my people." Shakur's 1977 conviction and later escape from prison have made her an icon of black power enthusiasts. [138] After Joseph W. Lewis, the jury foreman, read the verdict, Kunstler asked that the jury be removed before alleging that one juror had violated the sequestration order (see above). . In 1977, she was convicted of the murder of State Trooper Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the 1973 shootout. [132], The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS). [119][122], By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. Tools Sundiata Acoli (born January 14, 1937, [1] as Clark Edward Squire) is an American political activist who was a member of the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army. She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road. Assata Olugbala Shakur is best known for her civil rights activism in the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army. Shakur, Assata, and Lewis, Ida E. (November 1, 2000). [123], One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. The official BLM statement points out that the Cuban government has acted in solidarity with historically oppressed Black people, including offering political asylum to the American Assata Shakur . [27], Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. "F.B.I. [149], A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the voir dire, which concluded on February 14. Shakur a former member of the Black Liberation Army had been injured during the shootout, which involved two other BLA members and State Troopers James Harper and Werner Foerster, the latter of which was killed. A photograph of a woman (who was later alleged to be Shakur) wearing thick-rimmed black glasses, with a high hairdo pulled tightly over her head, and pointing a gun, was widely displayed in banks. "Warrant Issued In Police Slaying". Malcolm X told the truth when he stated, "Education is an important element in the struggle for human rights. [158], A key element of Shakur's defense was medical testimony meant to demonstrate that she was shot with her hands up and that she would have been subsequently unable to fire a weapon. They financed this by stealing $105,000 from a Bamberger's store in Paramus, New Jersey. Assata Shakur. James, Joy, and Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean (2000). [14] She was arrested for the first timewith 100 other BMCC studentsin 1967, on charges of trespassing. [208] In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill. Allen-Mills, Tony (May 27, 2007). Three indictments were dismissed without trial. [158] After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach during a struggle with a guest at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. Prial, Frank J. [112] On April 26, while Shakur was pregnant,[108] New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne signed an extradition order to move Shakur to New Jersey to face two counts of attempted murder, attempted assault, and possession of dangerous weapons related to the alleged ambush; however, Shakur declined to waive her right to an extradition hearing, and asked for a full hearing before Middlesex County Court Judge John E. "[116], Shakur was indicted on May 30, 1974, on the charge of having robbed a Brooklyn bar and kidnapping bartender James E. Freeman for ransom. (February 14, 1974). [38][78] Of these trials, three resulted in acquittals, one in a hung jury, one in a change of venue, one in a mistrial due to pregnancy, and one in a conviction. Parry, Wayne (May 24, 2005), "NY councilman plans rally against Chesimard bounty". The following slightly edited article first appeared online on May 7, 2013, with the original headline, "Assata Shakur is a modern-day Harriet Tubman." . [58][68] Assata Shakur was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed. [71], Her defense team alleged that her medical care during this period was "substandard". [184], In early 1979, "the Family", a group of BLA members, began to plan Shakur's escape from prison. [155] Judge Appleby rejected Kunstler's claim that the juror had violated the order. Shakur later wrote that teachers seemed surprised when she answered a question in class, as if not expecting black people to be intelligent and engaged. She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiacwhich Acoli drove 5 miles (8km) down the road and parked. "[79] Morris County, had a far smaller black population than Middlesex County. [38][54], Shakur and others[38][54][55] claim that she was targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO as a result of her involvement with the black liberation organizations. She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the Witnesses section below). Assata Shakur was born as JoAnne Deborah Byron in 1947, but after getting deep into political activism and fighting to end oppression with the Black Panther Party she changed her "slave name" and adopted the . 1978). [173] When Kunstler first took on Shakur's case (before meeting her), he described her basement cell as "adequate", which nearly resulted in his dismissal as her attorney. [235] Her autobiography is studied together with those of Angela Davis and Elaine Brown, the only women activists of the Black Power movement who have published book-length autobiographies. Pace, Eric (December 27, 1971). "Police by Hundreds Comb 2 Boroughs for 6 Suspects in Ambush Shootings". [70] Shakur admitted to carrying an identification card with the name "Justine Henderson" in her billfold the night of the shootout, but denied using any of the aliases on the long list that Barone proceeded to read. (1975). Assata had several warrants for her arrest on charges . . [122] The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her. A few minutes later the prosecutor Barone disagreed with Kunstler's assessment saying the trial's outcome was decided "completely on the facts". [150] The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area. Esta autobiografa intensamente personal y poltica desmiente la temible 781 likes, 20 comments - Jermaine (@therealblackhistorian) on Instagram: "Tupac Shakur was under the radar because of his life long connection with the Black Panther Party." Jermaine on Instagram: "Tupac Shakur was under the radar because of his life long connection with the Black Panther Party and other militant revolutionaries. Sex: Female Race: Black Citizenship: American Scars . [128][160], Judge Appleby eventually cut off funds for any further expert defense testimony. [37], In 1972, Shakur became the subject of a nationwide manhunt after the FBI alleged that she led a Black Liberation Army cell that had conducted a "series of cold-blooded murders of New York City police officers". [26] Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot; afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again. "[12], On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45a.m.,[58] Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. Revolution, the Black Liberation Army, escape from prison and seeking political refuge in Cuba- Assata Shakur writes about her life. [231] CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque. [149], Shakur testified that Trooper Harper shot her after she raised her arms to comply with his demand. [70], Shakur's defense attorneys were William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff),[134] Stuart Ball, Robert Bloom, Raymond A. Her aunt helped her to later earn a General Educational Development (GED) degree. [62] Shakur again attempted to remove the trial to federal court. [163] To become eligible for parole, Shakur would have had to serve a minimum of 25years, which would have included her four years in custody during the trials. While forensic evidence backed up her account, Assata Shakur was sentenced to life plus 33 years in prison for the murder of a police officer, a crime she didn't commit. In 1977, she was convicted in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. [134][151] Five jurors had personal ties to State Troopers (one girlfriend, two nephews, and two friends). Title: Black Liberation Army Papers Creator: Black Liberation Army Inclusive dates: 1963-1998 Extent: 1.5 Linear feet (1 records box and 1 manuscript box) Abstract: . [117] The text of Shakur's opening statement in the trial is reproduced in her autobiography. [119] Judge Jacob Mishlerset set a tentative trial date of November 5 that year. Kirsta, Alix (May 29, 1999), "A black and white case Investigation Joanne Chesimard". Assata spent six and a half years in prison under brutal circumstances before escaping out of the maximum security wing of the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey in 1979 and moving to . [62][183] Amnesty International, however, did not regard Shakur as a former political prisoner. Assata Shakur mother of three, activist, and leader was convicted of first degree murder in 1977. On May 2, 1973, Chesimard, who was part of a revolutionary extremist organization known as the Black Liberation Army, and two accomplices were stopped for a motor vehicle violation on the New. She said she was taught a sugar-coated version of history that ignored the oppression suffered by people of color, especially in the United States. [145], Judge Appleby also threatened Kunstler with dismissal and contempt of court after he delivered an October 21, 1976, speech at nearby Rutgers University that in part discussed the upcoming trial,[146] but later ruled that Kunstler could represent Shakur. [164], On November 22, 1977, Shakur pleaded not guilty to an attempted armed robbery indictment stemming from the 1971 incident at the Statler Hilton Hotel. [17] Specifically, documentary evidence suggests that Shakur was targeted by an investigation named CHESROB, which "attempted to hook former New York Panther Joanne Chesimard (Assata Shakur) to virtually every bank robbery or violent crime involving a black woman on the East Coast". . Cummings, Judith (October 8, 1973), "Angela Davis Asks Support for 'Political Prisoners'". [78], On the charges related to the New Jersey Turnpike shootout, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying "it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice. With connections to the Weather Underground, the Black Liberation Army and the Black Panther Party, this "anti-imperialist" organization executed a number of attacks well into the mid-1980s, inspired by the revolutionary left-wing tradition of pursuing "peace" through violent means. "[164] The case was delayed in being brought to trial as a result of an agreement between the governors of New York and New Jersey as to the priority of the various charges against Shakur. I felt like an African woman".[24]. and convicted cop-killer Assata Shakur. 1977) (en banc). [12], She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. She has been on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list since 2013 as Joanne Deborah Chesimard and was the first woman to be added to this list. Black Panther activist Assata Shakur was pulled over by New Jersey police, shot twice and then charged with the murder of a police officer in 1973. [185] Mutulu Shakur, Silvia Baraldini, Sekou Odinga, and Marilyn Buck were charged with assisting in her escape; Ronald Boyd Hill was also held on charges related to the escape. [81][82] Seven other BLA members were indicted by District Attorney Eugene Gold in connection with the series of holdups and shootings on the same day,[84] whoaccording to Goldrepresented the "top echelon" of the BLA as determined by a year-long investigation. In July 1973, after being indicted by a grand jury, Shakur pleaded not guilty in Federal Court in Brooklyn to an indictment related to a $7,700 robbery of the Bankers Trust Company bank in Queens on August 31, 1971. ". [56] Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur. In 1970-1981 the black liberation army was in full force. [196] In particular, one pre-dawn April 20, 1980, raid on 92Morningside Avenue, during which FBI agents armed with shotguns and machine guns broke down doors and searched through the building for several hours while preventing residents from leaving, was seen by residents as having "racist overtones". [64] Appleby reiterated that the jury must consider separately the four assault charges (atrocious assault and battery, assault on a police officer acting in the line of duty, assault with a deadly weapon, and assault with intent to kill), each of which carried a total maximum penalty of 33years in prison. Sterling, Guy, and Forero, Juan (May 7, 1998), "On the lam, Chesimard is hardly on her own". After she ran away from home several times, her aunt, who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. Seller with a 100% positive feedback. Prial, Frank J. [145] On May 6, 1977, Judge Clarkson Fisher, of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, denied Shakur's request for an injunction requiring her transfer from the all-male facility to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; the Third Circuit affirmed. Beginning in 1971, Shakur was allegedly involved in several incidents of assault and robbery, in which she was charged or identified as wanted for questioning, including attacks on New York City police and bank robberies in the area. [33][34][35], Shakur was wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer on January 26, 1972, who was attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn. Assata Shakur was born JoAnne Bryon. [19] Shakur joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), an offshoot whose members were inspired by the Vietcong and the Algerian independence fighters of the Battle of Algiers. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a guest's room, asked "Is there a party going on here? The name of Assata Shakur, a woman convicted in the 1973 killing of a New Jersey state trooper, has been used by Black Lives Matter to illustrate what the group called Cuba's "solidarity with. ". [58] At Acoli's trial, Harper testified that the gunfight started "seconds" after Foerster arrived at the scene. "Black Liberation leaders indicted". [125], Shakur was acquitted after seven hours of jury deliberation on January 16, 1976,[122] and was immediately remanded back to New Jersey for the Turnpike trial. Assata Olugbala Shakur is a former member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA), who was convicted of being an accomplice in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster. [11][72][73][74] She was transferred from Middlesex General Hospital in New Brunswick to Roosevelt Hospital in Edison after her lawyers obtained a court order from Judge John Bachman,[75] and then transferred to Middlesex County Workhouse a few weeks later. In her autobiography, she wrote: "I didn't know what a fool they had made out of me until I grew up and started to read real history". [189][194], For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relativesincluding her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattanwere monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts. [93], The retrial was delayed for one day to give the defendants more time to prepare. "Going Back to Class? [243] In April 2017, former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick's foundation donated $25,000 to the group. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, . Shakur, Assata (1987, New edition November 1, 1999). Her defense had argued medical evidence suggested her innocence since her arm was damaged in the shootout. On May 2 1973, Black Panther activist Assata Shakur (fsn) Joanne Deborah Chesimard, was pulled over by the New Jersey State Police, shot twice and then charged with murder of a police officer. The New York Amsterdam News section is an ad in support of Assata Shakur. [147] Until obtaining a court order, Kunstler was forced to strip naked and undergo a body search before each visit with Shakurduring which Shakur was shackled to a bed by both ankles. [99] Kennedy objected to this identification on the grounds that the prosecutor, assistant United States attorney Peter Truebner, had offered to stipulate that Shakur was not depicted in any of the photographs. Operating from about 1971 to 1981, the BLA used tactics including . [76], During an interview, Assata Shakur discussed her treatment by the police and medical staff at Middlesex General Hospital. [223] The New Jersey State Police and Federal Bureau of Investigation each still have an agent officially assigned to her case. [59] The vehicle was "slightly" exceeding the speed limit. [215] Later in 1998, U.S. media widely reported claims that the United States State Department had offered to lift the Cuban embargo in exchange for the return of 90U.S. fugitives, including Shakur. [165] Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property. Her other texts in the book are a July 4, 1973, speech ("To My People"), which was broadcast on many radio stations, an exposition on the theory of "armed revolutionary struggle", and many poems. She fought for human rights in the 1960s and 1970s. [28] In 1987, when asked in Cuba about police allegations that the BLA gained funds by conducting bank robberies and theft, Shakur responded, "There were expropriations, there were bank robberies. Bachman. [244], In July 2017, the Women's March official Twitter feed celebrated Shakur's birthday, leading to criticism from some right-wing media outlets. The BLA's most notorious attack, however, came in 1972, when it carried out perhaps the most gruesome assassination of police officers in the history of New York, killing two patrolmen, Greg Foster. Daly, Michael (December 13, 2006). [58], According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, Assata Shakur was on her way to a "new hideout in Philadelphia" and "heading ultimately for Washington". "[242], The Chicago Black activist group Assata's Daughters is named in her honor. [156] McGovern later sued Kunstler for defamation;[157] Kunstler eventually publicly apologized to McGovern and paid him a small settlement. 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